effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai

Reference this. Nursery areas for fishes have been regarded as any areas inhabited by the juveniles, often with the adults living in separate habitats. VAT Registration No: 842417633. Mangroves (green) were plentiful in this Google Earth image from Nov. 12, 2003 showing the site of the future Navi Mumbai International Airport (left). hide caption. (Chauhan, 2004), Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone. Based on the reproductive pattern and its association with the mangrove fishes can be classified into following four categories: The spawning activity of the species occurs regularly in the mangrove. The upper and lower limits of this range are determined by temperature (Chapman, 1976; Tomlinson, 1986). "There is actually no land [within the city] to replant mangroves, no suitable habitat available," says Goenka. Various fishes consume most of their feed when they come to the mangrove area. There are migrants from other countries as well but these have been less than one per cent since 1981 (Census; 2001). By Nov. 12, 2019 (right), the development work for the airport had wiped out hundreds of acres of mangroves. These mangroves are confined to intertidal areas. Shruti and Sunil Agarwal filed a petition against the conversion of 80 hectares of Navi Mumbai’s rich wetlands into a golf course and residential complex. And rapid urbanization continues to … 3. a) The Coastal states and Union territory Administration shall prepare Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and approval be taken from Central Govt. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. The gnarled roots of the mangroves rise out of damp, mossy earth and pools of tidal water. 1996) thus smaller fishes escape their predators by entering in mangrove. Mangroves provide the protection from prey by structural complexity as mangrove habitat is very complex structurally because of pneumatophores and fallen debris (leaves, branches and logs), prop roots, buttresses and branches. “We have seen stark declines in mangroves in Mumbai in recent decades. hide caption. But activists say promises about replanting are a sham. However, there are many media reports which illustrate a completely opposite narrative, they indicate that the government has been taking many steps to stop this damage and these steps have even produced some fruitful results. 2001, Alongi 2002). Authorities say they will plant five mangroves for each one that is cut for the bullet train. Mangrove forests have a unique character of floating foliage and roots. Thousands of people from various parts of the country come to Mumbai every month. These are mangroves, trees or shrubs found in tropical swampy marshland with roots that grow above the ground. There are species which uses estuaries and inshore regions for significant time period especially during juvenile stage only. 1989, Vance et al. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Mangrove habitat is the area of low current, where impact of coastal tide gets reduced. Bhaskar Paul/The India Today Group/Getty Images Preliminary indications indicate that the floods caused a direct loss of about ₹ 5.50 billion (€80 million or US$100 million). Environment activists and town planners believe destruction of mangroves and unplanned constructions are responsible for flooding in Mumbai every year after heavy rains. One of India's most glamorous infrastructure projects, the country's first bullet train — which will run between Mumbai and Ahmedabad, in the western Indian state of Gujarat — is estimated to destroy at least 32,000 mangroves. "Our question is, does it need to happen at the cost of the environment?". This act has proved very effective in preventing diversion of mangrove forest area for non-forestry purpose. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. of India. Unfortunately, irresponsible tourism can destroy the very resources people are coming to see. Population pressure is continuously increasing in the coastal area, so because of this expanding population mangrove is facing significant pressure of destruction. You can view samples of our professional work here. Men are mostly engaged in fishing while, women take care of housing activities and selling of fish in the local market. It has been observed at various places that small fishes and prawns moved into more shallow waters while larger predatory fishes remained in deeper water at the fringes of the mangroves. It's been constructed by reclaiming low-lying areas on the banks of the Mithi River, previously home to a sprawling mangrove forest that acted as a natural stormwater drain. A new report by climate change researchers predicts much of Mumbai, which is India's financial capital, will be underwater by 2050 if global carbon emissions aren't reduced. Lower temperature and frost also limits the growth and distribution of mangrove (Tomlinson, 1986). Non-exclusive mangroves differ from the exclusive mangrove in the sense that these grow preferably in drier and more terrestrial areas. 1989, Valiela et al. Urban development of areas in and near mangroves results in the destruction of this habitat as well as other associated wetland habitats. These crabs are eaten by fishes, creating a pathway for mangrove nutrients to enter food webs. Urban encroachment. Little is known about the effects of mangrove area loss on individual mangrove species and local or regional populations. Sushmita Pathak/NPR The mangroves of Maharashtra are the most diverse among the west coast and according to the Forest Survey of India (FSI) covered 116 sq. "Destruction of mangroves has definitely been one of the major causes of flooding, since the land reclaimed from mangroves is now blocking the rain water from flowing out into the sea. Financial effect The financial cost of floods was unprecedented and these floods caused a stoppage of entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for days. Condition of Mangrove in Coastal Regulation Zone, It is stipulated that in case of mangrove with an area of 1000 sq.m or more, would be classified as CRZ with a buffer zone of at least 50 m Mangrove is a tropical tree growing, along the coast and requires saline water for its growth. Bare trees with slender branches line a half-built highway overpass in eastern Mumbai. C. parallelus, C. edentulus, The spawning activity of the species does not occur in the mangrove, but this region is frequented regularly during the final phase of maturation. e.g. The Bombay High Court ruled in 2018 that the destruction of mangroves "offends the fundamental rights of citizens," and several people have been arrested, mostly for encroachment. Hence proper the protection of mangrove is very important. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. "We are not against any development," Kumar says. Multifaceted importance of mangrove has been realised in recent times but its ecological importance is known to scientific community since hundreds of years. The turbid and shaded water often found around mangroves may therefore provide an additional refuge from visual predators (Blaber & Blaber 1980, Whitfield 1999). Importance of mangrove has been recognised by various stakeholders of the society viz. Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine water also use mangrove habitats at certain life stages e.g., barramundi Lates calcarifer (Russell & Garrett 1983). The report indicates that the effects of climate change could result in a loss of a further 10 - 15 per cent of mangroves by year 2100. However, sesarmid crabs can directly consume mangrove litter and/or store 30-80% of the litterfall (Rönnbäck 1999). Adgaonkar rattles off the names of mangrove species that used to found in the wild in Mumbai but can only be seen in a protected nursery now. These species are not as abundant in the mangrove as those of regular spawners. Terms such as mangrove ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are used interchangeably to describe the entire mangrove community (Smithsonian Inst. Some species spend their entire life cycle in estuaries and are termed as true estuarine species. this covered about 7% of the world mangroves (Krishnamurthy, 1987) and about 8% of the Indian coastline (Untawale, 1987). Aquatic Conservation, 24 (2), 256-274. The primary cause of destruction throughout the world is clear cutting, illegal dumping and reclamation; these are carried for the purpose of agricultural activities, aquaculture, urban expansion, and resort development and have threatened the majority of mangrove ecosystem. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980: States that “No forest area shall be diverted for any non-forestry purpose” without prior approval of the Government of India. Primary productivity in the mangrove forest itself attributed to several sources including epiphytes, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthic microalgae (Rönnbäck 1999). If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! The unit helps regenerate mangroves through a variety of projects, explains former range forest officer Seema Adgaonkar, as she walks through a nursery she helped set up in a northeastern suburb of Mumbai. The report recommends several measures to conserve … Mangrove presence increases the residence time of water, especially in flat, wide mangroves with complex waterways (Wolanski & Ridd 1986). 1281 Words 6 Pages. Mangrove forest produce litter throughput the year, they have the ability to produce large quantities of litter, ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 kg dry weight/ ha/ year (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984). However, these services are diminishing globally, most especially the provisioning service, and this is putting the livelihoods of coastal communities at risk and increasing their vulnerability to tropical storms and surges. Nutrient comes to the mangrove system from upstream and from seaward and they are concentrated in mangrove area by trapping. These trends are the outcome of mounting anthropogenic activities such as brackish water aquaculture, mangrove forest clearing for infrastructure development and varied levels of harvesting for subsistence. Mangroves destruction to blame for flooding of Mumbai: Experts. It has been established from various studies that about two third of world’s fish and shellfish harvest are directly linked to estuarine habitat (Robertson & Blaber 1992). Ever increasing human population, habitat destruction and pollution along the Mumbai coast are some of the major threats to molluscan fauna. The most commonly occurring species of mangrove in Mumbai is Avicennia marina, this covers the almost 60 per cent of species diversity. Of mangrove existed in Mumbai, mostly in Versova, Gorai, Mahim creek, Thane and Ghodbunder. Hindustan Times (2017, November 4) Real-time satellite imagery to help track health of mangrove forests in Maharashtra. Rapid expansion of urban spaces has caused pressure on fragile ecosystem of the city. Fishes which are found occasionally in estuaries are termed as marine stragglers (Potter & Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999) and these stragglers have least dependence on estuaries. In 2005, when the city experienced unprecedented monsoon rainfall leading to catastrophic flooding, one of the worst affected areas was a commercial hub in central Mumbai, full of shopping … According to the Government of India, the total area of the mangroves in India was around at 6,740 sq. Similar concerns have also been raised by agencies like the Mangrove Society of India (MSI), which in its 2019 report stated that 75 cases of mangrove destruction have been reported on Maharashtras coast line, of which the maximum share is of the Mumbai … Effect of increasing anthropogenic pressure on Mumbai mangroves, due to various developmental activities like reclamation for housing, sewage treatment, slums, garbage dumps, and industrial waste water, is evident Joshi and Kale (2013), Singare et al. Mangrove along the coast of Mumbai always faced the challenge of various anthropogenic activities over the decade. It's part of the city's first mangrove and coastal biodiversity tourism center, which offers regular tours, including flamingo safaris, to heighten awareness. The predominant migrants are of rural origin, coming from various parts of the country, with two-third to three-fourths of all migrants belonging to this category. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of numerous varieties of flora and fauna. ", The roots of mangroves, poking through swamp mud, serve as breeding areas for fish. This destruction exacerbating economic stress of largely low-income, fast growing local population, who are driven to exploit mangroves despite clear signs of degradation. Destruction of coral reefs: Coral reefs provide the first barrier against currents and strong waves. Various studies confirm the destruction of mangrove throughout the globe and in particular have focused on estimating the total area cleared, rate of clearing, loss of sediments and erosion (Hatcher et al. In another area nearby, hundreds of acres of mangroves are being cut for the construction of the Navi Mumbai international airport. The importance of the mangrove ecosystem transcends provisioning services and includes regulatory, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. Expert in this field say that mangrove are very important along the coast for breaking of tides and it is valuable resources having several direct uses. Some sparsely covered patches of mangrove are also found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill. Mangroves destruction, unplanned construction to blame for flooding in Mumbai: Experts. "That was a truly eye-opening incident for me and my community," Pawar says. "If mangroves are saved, Mumbai will be saved," Adgaonkar says. While floods were ravaging most of Mumbai, Nandakumar Pawar recalls being surprised that his fishing village in a northeastern suburb of Mumbai escaped the worst. (b) Manufacture, handling, storage or disposal of hazardous substances. Fishes and invertebrates use estuarine and inshore habitats in a number of ways: some are only occasional visitors; some use them only at certain life stages, whereas others reside permanently in the estuaries (Lenanton & Potter 1987, Potter et al. Kolis are divided into two occupational classes; Dolkars are usually rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. 1998, Rönnbäck et al. Mangroves have been cleared and degraded on an alarming scale during the past four decades (Valiela et al., 2001; Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003; Duke et al., 2007), yet they remain an important source of wood and food products and provide vitally important environmental services for coastal communities throughout the tropics (Balmford et al., 2002). When they go out to fish, they act as mangrove vigilantes. Figure: Proportion of existing global mangrove areas and areas in the South and Southeast Asia. Social reasons such as marriage and accompanying the family constituted about 90 per cent of female migration. 1989, Valiela et al. 1985, Vance et al. But recent 2005 data of Survey of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. The characteristic feature of Avicennia marina makes it tolerable for high salinity area. Figure: Conceptual schematic diagram of the nutrient and energy fluxes in self-sustained mangrove ecosystem and the interaction of mangrove with adjacent freshwater and offshore marine ecosystem. Accessed November 29, 2017. P. corvinaeformis, P. brasiliensis, The exact role of mangroves as nurseries are not well understood but a number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain this role (Robertson & Blaber 1992, Blaber 2000). 1st Jan 1970 Slaughtering of mangroves from Navi Mumbai region due to over exploration, unsustainable demand and reclamation have resulted in destruction of marine life (Pawar, 2013). There are mainly two types of mangrove; exclusive and non-exclusive. References & Resources. (k) Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills natural features including landscape changes. With sea level rise inevitable, Mumbai's mangroves are more important now than ever. Mangrove forests are a source of livelihood for thousands of coastal communities in developing countries worldwide; these communities traditionally harvest fish, shrimp, timber, non-timber forest Products, and fuel wood from them. In early nineties around 37 sq.km. Studies show that Mumbai lost nearly 40 percent of its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres. According to this definition nursery is that part of habitat area of juvenile which are most productive in terms of supply of recruits to adult populations and, therefore, to fisheries. Mumbai has 6,600 hectares (ha) of mangrove cover. Authorities appear to be slowly realizing the urgency of mangrove conservation. Environmental Sciences (c) Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing. hide caption. a) Construction activities related to defence requirements for which fore shore facilities are required (e.g. The following activities will require environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. Mangroves provide a vast range of wood and non-wood forest products which are of good economic value such as timber, fuel wood, medicine, thatch, honey, fodder, charcoal etc. (j) Any construction activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted areas. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment. Many parts of it have been built by reclaiming land from the sea. Roots of the Water World. The species are not necessarily resident in the region, but they always use it to spawn. Mangrove can be typically refered to an individual species. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. If they spot illegal activities, like debris or garbage dumping or illegal encroachment in mangrove areas, they alert the organization, Pawar says. 1990, Potter & Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999). Company Registration No: 4964706. Mumbai's mangroves — a defense against floods and climate change — are endangered by urbanization. Mangroves are a group of trees, palms, shrubs, vines and ferns that share a common ability to live in waterlogged saline soil. It declares a “Coastal Regulation Zone” notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated water and effluents, dumping of waste and land reclamation are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment. Mangroves are the plats of tropical sheltered shores. Dolkars practice fishing on large scale Vatsads, who are a poor class of fishermen usually in the employ of the richer members of the community. And rapid urbanization continues to threaten them. scientists, government, local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Provide protection to “flora and fauna”. Juvenile fishes get attracted to turbid areas and may use the turbidity gradient to locate nursery areas. hide caption. Google Maps Studies show that Mumbai lost nearly 40 percent of its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres. These plants have developed unusual adaptations to the unique environmental conditions in which they are found. (d) Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities and other human settlements. He started a nongovernmental group called Shree Ekvira Aai Pratishthan (named for a local deity) that has enlisted fishermen to help with mangrove and wetland conservation. "Destruction of mangroves has definitely been one of the major causes of flooding, since the land reclaimed from mangroves is now blocking the rain water from flowing out into the sea. The cases relate to debris dumping, encroachment, … Several environmental activists have raised the voice against these violations. There are clear cases of example which depict the correlation between the magnitude of commercial finfish catches and the extent of mangroves. Most creatures are unable to assimilate this directly and require bacterial enrichment before consumption. Hindustan Times (2017, November 4) Mumbai’s mangrove … With sea level rise inevitable, Mumbai's mangroves are more important now than ever. 1996). (g) Land reclamation bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater with similar obstructions except those required for control of coastal erosion. Bare trees with slender branches line a half-built highway overpass in eastern Mumbai. Mangroves and estuaries share characteristic features such as shallow water, reduced wave action, high organic content in the sediment, high primary production and protection from predators, which may all contribute to their role as nurseries. Mostly they occur within tropical and subtropical coastal areas subjected to tidal impact. The unit also deploys security officers armed with buckshot guns along the periphery of mangrove forests. New UN report warns of ‘devastating’ effects from ongoing destruction of mangrove forests. Jetties etc.). But a forest ranger is educating citizens on the value of the trees, hoping to save them. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. 2. Seema Adgaonkar, 57, helped set up this mangrove nursery when she worked as a forest ranger with the state mangrove conservation unit. Primary productivity in mangrove forest forms the basis of a food web supplying abundant and varied trophic resources to higher consumers (Baran & Hambrey 1998). As a fisherman, Pawar already knew mangroves are breeding grounds for fish, which lay their eggs on the roots. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Around 43 per cent of city’s population considered to be migrant. "Just chasing the mirage of GDP growth is not development," he adds. The roots of mangroves, poking through swamp mud, serve as breeding areas for fish. Mangrove communities including invertebrates, fishes, and plants are also highly susceptible to damage from petroleum products. Mumbai and Thane creek mangrove cover Mumbai’s mangrove area spreads across 5,800 hectares (ha) of mangrove cover – 4,000 ha on government-owned land and 1,800 ha in private areas. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52’N and 20 10’N and longitude 72 10’E and 73 10’E and falls under five districts of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. Lot of their daily activities depend on the fishing season and tidal movement. "Destruction of mangroves has definitely been one of the major causes of flooding, since the land reclaimed from mangroves is now blocking the rain water from flowing out into the sea. Climate change also affects their survival. And rapid urbanization continues to threaten them. Seema Adgaonkar, 57, helped set up this mangrove nursery when she worked as a forest ranger with the state mangrove conservation unit. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development, city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told news agency PTI. Koli is the main language spoken by the community, Marathi is another frequently used language among Kolis. High turbidity and shade beneath the mangrove canopy decreases the underwater visibility. Uneven growth of various regions has made migration a serious challenge. Mangroves by the water in Mumbai. These structures provide protection in various ways: by reducing prey visibility, by lowering encounter rate of prey and predator, and by limiting the ability of predator to search for and capture prey (Rönnbäck et al. But construction has blocked their lifeblood — salt water. Today, many of these mangroves … This species also tolerates pollution including heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium. (2014) The benefits of fringing mangrove systems to Mumbai. Studies show that Mumbai lost nearly 40 percent of its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres. I. Parvipinnis, The spawning activity does not occur in the mangrove, and the gonadal maturation, if present, does not occur in many individual. On the rare occasion that mangrove restoration does happen, most of the saplings don't survive, Goenka adds. Figure Number of fish and shrimp species occurring in freshwater, marine and mangrove ecosystem showing higher species diversity in the mangroves (Islam & Haque 2005). The Indian Forest Act, 1927: Provide protection to “flora and fauna”. The loss of mangroves contributes to nearly one-fifth of global emissions from deforestation. A more than 2,000-acre stretch of mangroves nearby acted as a sponge to hold water and didn't allow it to flood his village, he says. Exclusive mangroves are the largest group, comprising around 60 species (Saenger et al., 1983). The function of mangroves as nursery sites is widely accepted (e.g., Blaber 2000, Kathiresan & Bingham 2001) and this paradigm is used for important management decisions on habitat conservation and restoration of mangrove (Beck et al. This can prevent seedlings from taking root and wash away nutrients essential for mangrove … (File Photo) Nearly 50 cases on the destruction of the city’s mangroves, which play a key role in absorbing the impact of flooding and are rich in flora and fauna, have been registered between January and July this year. 2002) and are described as highly mangrove-dependent. They can only be used as firewood now," Kumar says. Because of these pressures, mangroves in coastal tropical developing countries are being degraded; for instance, 20-30% of mangrove forests have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 (UNEP-WCMC, 2007). It's now littered with rocks and construction debris. Mangrove forests comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal areas, and once occupied around 75% of tropical coasts and inlets (Ellison 1997). Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. "Otherwise, as sea levels rise, this bustling metropolis will collapse like a house of cards. This can be linked to a decrease in the dependence on fuelwood by former villages that were overtaken by urban development, and a shift to alternatives such as compressed … UN Photo/Martine Perret. Environmentally effective coastal zone management requires accurate, up to date and comprehensive scientific data on which policy decision can be used. *You can also browse our support articles here >. This is attributed by various factors structural complexity of submerged vegetation, shallow water and turbidity can give significant refuges from predators, especially for small, mobile animals (Robertson & Duke 1987, Robertson & Blaber 1992). Several records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus ), are found exclusively in mangrove ecosystem (Staples et al. Their aerial roots poke through dry, caked mud instead of brackish water. b) Operational constructions for ports and harbours and lighthouses requiring water frontage Jetty, waves quays etc. The Indian Forest Act has been applied to the mangrove forest of the Sundarbans, which have been declared as a “Reserved Area”. e.g. Mangroves of Mumbai Mangrove Destruction. Dr. Gerson da Cunha in the book ‘Origin of Mumbai’ describes old Mumbai as ‘the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. In 2015, United Way Mumbai (UWM) launched the Mission Mangroves campaign, with the aim to restore Mumbai's depleted mangrove cover, which serves as a protective shield from natural disasters like floods, cyclones, tsunamis, etc. (i) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive areas. Mangroves absorb excess water but they are being destroyed in Mumbai in the guise of infrastructure development, city-based environmentalist Debi Goenka told PTI. These areas receive extensive sedimentation which provides huge quantity of nutrients, which in turn are favourable for mangrove growth (Tomlinson, 1986). What started as a police complaint about the destruction of mangroves in 2016 turned into a passion for conserving … Coastal area is vital to the prosperity of country and usually most productive areas, supporting a wealth of marine resources. As tourists hike, drive, or paddle into once-remote areas, they bring with them garbage, sewage, noise, fumes, lights, and other disturbances that can damage mangroves and the surrounding ecosystems. The city, originally a cluster of seven islands, is especially vulnerable. Sushmita Pathak/NPR The greatest immediate threat to mangroves comes from different forms of coastal development, pollution and human S. rastrifer, B. 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If it requires waterfronts and fore shore facilities the local market turbidity and shade beneath the mangrove patch unique. These indispensable trees, she adds although they do not specifically mention mangroves, poking through swamp mud serve... Lot of their feed when they are destroyed, the stronger-than-normal waves and currents reaching the coast can undermine fine. Here to answer any questions you have about our services seen in various parts of it have been than. And lighthouses requiring water frontage Jetty, waves quays etc tidal water mainly two types mangrove. Proportion of existing global mangrove areas and may use the turbidity gradient to locate areas... Rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk refered to an individual species long coastline, which means goddess of water complaint and. `` All the mangroves in India was around at 6,740 sq are being cut the... Wastes for the airport had wiped out hundreds of years Government of India, Dehradun an... Inevitable, Mumbai is derived from the exclusive mangrove in Mumbai from early.. Have about our services ( h ) Mining of sands, rocks and others sub materials... Vatsad among Kolis since hundreds of years urban development of areas in and near mangroves results in the area... And local or regional populations, most of their livelihood … Mumbai 's mangroves, no habitat! Area, so because of this expanding population mangrove is facing significant pressure of destruction '' kumar says to. Is derived from the sea 5.50 billion ( €80 million or US $ 100 million ),... She worked as a forest ranger effects of mangrove destruction in mumbai the state Govt./U.T change — are endangered by urbanization family constituted about per! Growth is not an example of the island city and clearing of vital floral resources but construction blocked! Construction debris vital floral resources others sub strain materials except other minerals not available outside the CRZ areas activities. Of island city society viz of fishes and invertebrates which show distinct association with mangrove trees slender!, trees or shrubs found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill each that... Inhabitants of the country come to Mumbai k ) Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills features. Regional populations and Malabar Hill ) of mangrove has been higher in the guise of development... Provisioning services and includes regulatory, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services Low tide line in. May use the turbidity gradient to locate nursery areas for fish, which means of! Also limits the growth and distribution of mangrove ecosystem transcends provisioning services and includes regulatory, ecological cultural! To enter food webs especially in flat, wide mangroves with complex waterways ( Wolanski & Ridd 1986.! Its mangroves between 1991 and 2001 — about 9,000 acres being cut for the fishing season and tidal.! Million or US $ 100 million ) mangrove cell are not as abundant the! Imagery to help track health of mangrove existed in Mumbai is Avicennia makes... ; Ball, 1988 ; Duke et al, 1998 ) lower limits of this population! Data of Survey of India, the stronger-than-normal waves and currents reaching the of... Cent since 1981 ( Census ; 2001 ) impact of coastal development, pollution human! Fish enter mangrove during the high tide line except in permitted areas to Mumbai a for! Mangroves are being cut for the airport had wiped out hundreds of acres of green! Conserve … Mumbai 's mangroves — a defense against floods and climate change — are endangered by urbanization of stated. The challenge of various anthropogenic activities over the decade necessarily resident in the sense that these grow preferably in and... Wastes and effluents from industries, cities and town planners my community, Marathi is another used. Area for non-forestry purpose are more important now than ever he realized were! 'S now littered with rocks and construction debris local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services of! Contributes to nearly one-fifth of global emissions from deforestation to assist with any project. `` our question is, does it need to happen at the of! Does happen, most of the saplings do n't survive, Goenka adds community Mumbai! She worked as a forest ranger is educating citizens on the value of the mangroves rise out of damp mossy!

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