quantitative research article on depression

This study examined if depressive symptoms were mediated by various cognitive emotion regulation strategies after stressful life events, more specifically, the loss of a loved one, health threats or relational challenges. Because RP is a progressive disease and can lead to severe visual impairments, it can lead to severe psychological distress. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Pearson correlations were computed for all variables included in the models. The degree of depressive symptoms was measured with the Child Depression Inventory-2 [46,47], a revision of the CDI [48,49]. This analysis was repeated for both subgroups and also showed gender differences in the non-depressed group (F(9,279) = 2.441, p = .011), specifically girls scored lower on Other blame than boys (F(1,287) = 10.872, p = .001). Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited, progressive ocular disease that is associated with degeneration of the photoreceptors. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0161062. Quantitative studies describe a bidirectional association between loneliness and depression, but there is limited understanding of how these influence each other. Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants. Yes http://www.cureresearch.com/r/retinitis_pigmentosa/stats-country_printer.htm. These findings are important for clinical practice. (http://dx.doi.org/10.17026/dans-288-7dh6). Relational challenging stressful life events were associated with maladaptive strategies as well as with two adaptive strategies: putting experiences into perspective and acceptance. The demographic and clinical characteristics of these subjects are summarized in Table 1. The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was established, Self-blame, catastrophizing and rumination could be identified as mediators between stressful relational challenging life events and depressive symptoms. Being employed may be strongly correlated with the degree of depression in RP patients. We used the Japanese version of the NEI-VFQ 25 [25]. Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, The Netherlands, 30 Jan 2018: The findings of this study support the general hypothesis that certain stressful life events were related to the level of depressive symptoms and that this relationship was mediated by maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Hahm et al reported that 25.7% of RP patients had depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [12]. The visual fields were determined by Goldmann perimetry using the III/4/e isopter. Our findings confirm the existence of a specific association between relational challenges and cognitive emotion regulation. Normal, 0–7; possible, 8–10; probable: 11–21. Previous research used the number of life events as a variable, without the upsetting criterion, thereby ignoring whether the life events actually impact the life of participants in a negative fashion. Path analyses in Mplus were used to test mediation, for the whole sample as well as separately for participants scoring high versus low on depression, using multigroup analyses. For this study, we constructed the Life Event Scale [52], a 23 item self-report questionnaire about three types of life events, based on the distinction of psychological stress made by Lazarus [16]; Loss (1 item: death of a loved one including pets), Health threat (8 items: serious (mental) illness, suicide attempt, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, alcohol or drug abuse, crime and accidents concerning the self (not for suicide attempt), parent, sibling or friends), and Relational (or situational) challenges (14 items: parental divorce, step-parents, moving, changing schools, romantic break-up, police contact (parent or self), redundancy (parent or self), pregnancy, school failure, being bullied, conflict with parents or friends, being expelled from school). No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161062, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192300. The CERQ consists of 36 items, reflecting 9 conceptually distinct adaptive or maladaptive strategies. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS-A, HADS anxiety subscale; HADS-D, HADS depression subscale. Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, NL-3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands, A psychologist informed adolescents and parents about the study and when both gave written informed consent, self-report questionnaires were completed pre-treatment using online or paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Kleinjan M, In adults, emotion regulation plays a central role in the etiology and maintenance of clinical levels of psychopathology [32–34]. Yes Reliability was very good for both the official target population of adolescents aged up to 17 years (n = 213, α = .93), and for adolescents older than 17 (n = 185, α = .91). Teens express concern about anxiety and depression among peers, feel day-to-day pressures. Indeed, many earlier studies have reported that visual impairments are risk factors for anxiety and depression in RP patients [9–16]. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors related to anxiety and depression in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). here. This association was also significantly different compared to the non-depressed group (Δχ² (1) = 11.55, p < .001). Difficulties in regulating evoked emotions after stressful life events are considered to lead to depression. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and Associative Recognition Memory. Participants were asked if they had experienced the life event, yes or no. 2A. The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms was established in our study. More frequent use of maladaptive strategies was related to more depressive symptoms. Each of the 7 questions for anxiety and 7 for depression was scored on a four-point scale (0–3), and the final scores ranged from 0 to 21 for each subscale. We used a sample of 398 adolescents (Mage = 16.94, SD = 2.90), including 52 depressed outpatients, who all reported stressful life event(s). One study reported that emotion regulation strategies were found to mediate the relationship between interpersonal stress and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students [13]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The aim of this study is to examine if the relation between stressful life events and depressive symptoms is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies and whether these potentially mediating effects differ per type of stressful life event (Fig 1). Because extreme scores on Acceptance could be maladaptive the score was transformed into a categorical variable high (score above 14), low (score less than 10) and medium [36]. Some specific maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing, are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in adolescence, while adaptive strategies such as positive reappraisal, positive refocusing and putting things into a broader perspective, are associated with less depressive symptoms [15,42]. These findings are important for clinical practice to increase understanding of the association between specific types of stressful life events and the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Use of specific maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies after relationally challenging stressful life events can aggravate depressive symptoms. Stressful health threatening life events correlated weakly with other-blame, which did not significantly correlate with depressive symptoms. Within the total sample, relational challenging stressful life events were associated with various strategies, namely self-blame, other-blame, catastrophizing, rumination, putting into perspective and acceptance (Fig 2). Studies on emotion regulation as a mediator of depressive symptoms in adolescents are scarce. Except for acceptance, all cognitive emotion regulation strategies, correlated weakly to strongly with the number of depressive symptoms. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This is especially the case when the associative processing is negatively biased with thoughts about oneself. Visual impairments are also strongly associated with social issues such as employment and education. The subscale scores ranged from 0 to 100, and higher scores indicated a better QOL with less impairments. In the non-depressed group, self-blame (β = .252, p < .001), less positive reappraisal (β = -.269, p = .003) and less refocusing on planning (β = -.245, p = .004) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. The mean of the HADS-A score was 6.4 ± 3.8 (standard deviation, Fig 1A), the HADS-D score was 6.1 ± 3.6 (Fig 1B), and the mean NEI-VFQ25 score was 49.0 ± 20.1 in the RP patients. No, Is the Subject Area "Mental health and psychiatry" applicable to this article? B. Conventional or full-field electroretinography (ERG) was also performed to confirm a severe decrease in the amplitudes and implicit times of the scotopic and b-waves. Only significant effects (* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001) within the total sample (N = 398) are shown. To assess the possible moderating effect of the level of depression, multi-group analyses were conducted within MPLUS 7. Second, the results were obtained from a Japanese RP population and cannot be generalized to other ethnic groups. The lack of effective therapy and the deteriorating nature of RP causes a continuous psychological burden on patients throughout their life. Taiji Sakamoto The maximum score is 21 for both the anxiety and depression subscales. Yusuke Murakami, Depression Research and Treatment-Special Issue; Volume 2020 - Article ID 6841390 - Research Article; Depression and Its Association with Parental Neglect among Adolescents at Governmental High Schools of Aksum Town, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross Sectional Study More frequent use of adaptive strategies was related to less depressive symptoms. The Functional Vision Score (FVS) was calculated using the Functional Acuity Score (FAS) and Functional Field Score (FFS) based on the American Medical Association guides for the analysis [28]. Primary care (N=14): We approached a local academic research group who held a dataset containing information on primary care patients with diagnoses of major depression, including demographic details along with a record of current and previous antidepressant treatment history (N=95). This discrepancy can be explained by the use of a larger multi-group sample in this study with higher levels of depressive symptoms, which made detection of the association possible. The percentage of adolescents with high scores (≥12) on depressive symptoms was 27.39%. Takehiro Yamashita, Thus, the absence of a significant relationship between anxiety and visual functions might be a universal psychological reaction to ocular diseases. Difficulty in regulating evoked emotions is often thought to lead to depression [11,12,31]. ... Depression research and treatment, 2013. Depression during adolescence is a serious problem because of its high prevalence [1–3], considerable burden of disease [4], suicide risk [5], other comorbid psychiatric disorders [6] and the high risk of recurrence [5,7]. Deficient emotion regulation is also a risk factor for recurrence of depression [40]. The HADS-A score was not significantly correlated with any visual functions but was significantly correlated with the general health condition (r = -0.34, P<0.001) and the role limitation (r = -0.20, P = 0.03) of the NEI-VFQ25 subscale. In a study of young RP patients in France, employment was found to be significantly associated with a lower incidence of depression [16]. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that minimal ocular pain associated with RP may have affected the results. A review of patient experience research can provide a comprehensive overview of this important form of evidence and thus enable the voices and subjectivities of those affected by depression … We therefore conducted a systematic review to identify clinician perceived barriers to and facilitators for good depression care. Coleman, P. K. (2011). In RP, the progression of the disease is slow, and thus RP may not cause serious anxiety if the patient understands the nature of RP accurately. Cases were randomly selected. Bodden DHM, This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Network (UMIN) with the title, Anxiety and depression in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (No. Physical illness rarely carries the same crippling stigma as mental illness. RP patients with high HADS-A score tended to belong to the Japan RP Society. Within the depressed group, no indirect paths were identified. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Takao Endo, Another study found a significant increase in depression in the second year after bereavement [65]. View This dual process of self-referent association and cognitive reflection is considered to be of importance for the regulation of emotions. Chaumet-Riffaud et al reported that 36.5% of RP patients had anxiety and 15.5% had depression using the HADS questionnaire [16]. PLOS ONE 13(1): e0192300. UMIN000018444). An intriguing question is what mechanisms are involved that may lead different types of stressful life events to contribute to the development of depressive symptoms and ultimately depression. The other visual functions such as the FAS (r = 0.11, P = 0.27), FFS (r = 0.12, P = 0.20), and FVS (r = 0.09, P = 0.34) were also not significantly correlated with the HADS-A score. The HADS questionnaire has been validated by more than 70 studies and more than 1400 reports [23]. Stressors are recognized as very important in the etiology and maintenance of internalizing problems [14]. Opting to write a quantitative research paper is easy but going for the right topic is difficult. Research on the CERQ subscales indicated that internal consistencies were good, ranging from .67 to .81, and good validity [51]. This command permitted testing of linear restrictions on the parameters using the Wald chi-square test [54]. This sample was divided into two groups with low or high scores on depression, based on the official Dutch cut-off point (<12 vs. ≥12) for clinical depression on the Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (CDI-2). In addition, acceptance may be more of an end state that is based upon other regulation strategies, instead of reflecting an active and dynamic cognitive emotion regulation strategy. However, if an additional factor is present, it can enhance the HADS-A score. Depression during adolescence is a serious mental health problem. To improve our understanding, some research has been undertaken in which YP themselves are asked about their experience of depression. Increase of acceptance of a problem or risk is a common objective in various treatments such as Mindfulness, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy [57]. The study population was composed of older individuals with average age of 60.7 years. Loss or health threatening stressful life events showed no specific association with any of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies within the whole group, suggesting that the type of stressful event influenced the use of specific cognitive emotion regulation. Correlation between the HADS score and the NEI-VFQ25 mean score in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. The model fit indices for the mediation model within the whole sample were satisfactory (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .09, SRMR = .05). Score definition. There was no significant correlation between HADS-A score and the mean score of NEI-VFQ 25 (r = -0.097, P = 0.31) (Fig 2A). 5 more...], In addition, having good vision is an important factor in keeping a job. This study sought to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management in a Health facility in Ghana. Keywords: men, masculinity, depression, help seeking, grounded theory Major depression is a central concern for both scholars and clinicians. The main results can be summarized as follows: (I) Health threatening and relational challenging stressful life events were associated with depressive symptoms, while stressful loss related life events were not; (II) more frequent use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was related to more depressive symptoms; (III) more frequent use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was related to less depressive symptoms; (IV) specific life events were associated with specific emotion regulation strategies; (V) only the association between relational challenging stressful life events and depressive symptoms was mediated by maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, catastrophizing and rumination); and (VI) adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were not identified as mediators in the total sample. An association between relational challenging stressful life events and depressive symptoms was established for the total sample, and seen in both the depressed as well as the non-depressed group. All of the patients were consecutively asked to participant in this study at Kagoshima University Hospital, Miyata Eye Hospital, Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Osaka University Hospital, and Kyushu University Hospital during August 2015 to February 2017. 2B. Acceptance was not significantly associated with the degree of depressive symptoms within either subgroup. A. Anxiety was present in 37% (41/112) and depression in 26% (29/112) of the RP patients. However, the Wald test of parameter constraints showed no significant differences between the non-depressed and depressed group for these indirect paths. The vision-specific quality of life (VSQOL) was assessed with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ25). This study is innovative for several reasons. We would like to thank Maria Kovacs and MHS for their generosity in letting us use the CDI-2. In a longitudinal design this variable should be included because depressive symptoms could increase instantly or gradually after some time, through use of specific cognitive regulation strategies [70]. The state of anxiety and depression was determined by the answers to the Japanese version of the HADS questionnaire. Still, this is an important finding, which could be useful for clinical practice. These groups will be referred to as non-depressed and depressed. Specifically, the presence of anxiety or depression symptoms was rated as not present for scores less than 7, possible between 8 and10, and probable greater than 11. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. There was no additional external funding received for this study. This article seeks to find if there is a relationship between health and discrimination. In the present study, alphas ranged from good .70 to very good .82. The participants had to choose the assertion that applied most during the past two weeks. In this sample, 27.39% (n = 109) had a clinically relevant score. There seems to be a gap between the way we think about the two, with physical illness often garnering more respect … All participants who had a history of psychiatric treatment or were using psychotropic drug were excluded. In addition, the results confirm the dual process model on associative and reflective processing in adolescents and depression [30]. van Baar AL These results deserve some further interpretation and reflection. Within the whole sample more depressive symptoms were significantly associated with: self-blame, catastrophizing, rumination, positive reappraisal and refocus on planning (Fig 2). Depression is widely considered to be a mental illness – an disorder of the mind – but new research has challenged that, and the findings will change the way we think about and treat depression. This research is part of the Adolescent Depression study of the University of Utrecht. Several p… Hiroto Terasaki, Loss was dichotomous. Fifth, to our knowledge, we were the first to test the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the association between stressful life events and depressive symptoms in adolescents and to test differences in mediation between low and high levels of depressive symptoms. In addition, ocular pain, which is a factor that can affect the quality of life in general, was not included in this study because there have been earlier reports that no significant relationship was observed between NEI-VFQ25 score and ocular pain in RP patients [26, 27]. Because the psychological status of individuals often depends upon their cultural background, the results may be unique to our cohort. Because having good vision is fundamental for a reasonable private and social life, it is understandable that those with poor vision can have anxiety. In acceptance-based treatments, acceptance is promoted in order to reduce experiential avoidance [58,59]. Within the whole sample, significant indirect paths from relational challenging stressful life events to depressive symptoms were found via self-blame, catastrophizing and rumination (Fig 3). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The HADS-D score was significantly correlated with all the visual functions (r = -0.38 to 0.29, P<0.001), the NEI-VFQ25 subscale score (r = - 0.58 to -0.33, P<0.001) by Spearman’s correlations. Relational challenging stressful life events were weakly correlated with more depressive symptoms. It is commonly believed that depression is more common in females than in males. The HADS questionnaire is composed of two subscales, viz., the HADS-anxiety, (HADS-A) and HADS-depression (HADS-D) scales. A significant correlation was found between the anxiety score and depression score (r = 0.48; P <0.01) among all patients. To examine the correlations between the three stressful life event variables, the nine proposed mediators and the outcome measure of depression, we applied path analyses using the software package MPLUS 7 [54]. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychological stress" applicable to this article? The relationship between challenging, stressful life events and depressive symptoms in the whole group was mediated by maladaptive strategies (self-blame, catastrophizing and rumination). (Table 3). The strength of this study was that it used the HADS-D method for psychological analysis which is accepted worldwide, and the questions were easy to answer by the patients. They are associated with a reduced quality of life, an increased mortality risk, and are a major cause of inability to work [2,3]. Shozo Sonoda, Future investigations are necessary to determine whether patients with a strong anxiety join the RP society or whether the anxiety is lessened by joining the RP society. Within the non-depressed group, direct associations between relational challenging stressful life events and other-blame (β = .122, p = .039), positive reappraisal (β = .130, p = .034) and refocus on planning (β = .168, p = .004). Standardized estimates of the direct effects on the cognitive emotion regulation and depressive symptoms. We also thank the students for collecting data in the community sample. The biomolecular approach to major depression disorder is explained by the different steps that involve cell membrane viscosity, Gsα protein and tubulin. Depression is a common feature of Parkinson's disease, a fact of both clinical and theoretical significance. The status of anxiety and depression was determined in RP patients with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire which consisted of subscales for HADS-anxiety (HADS-A) and HADS-depression (HADS-D). The title of this article is “Association between antenatal depression and low birthweight in a developing country”. Quantitative research is necessary to attain a particular objective. This may be helpful for RP patients in reducing anxiety. In the depressed group, no significant associations between degree of depressive symptoms and use of any cognitive emotion regulation strategy was found. Although the level of depressive symptoms was high in the depressed adolescents, health threats still accounted for substantially more depressive symptoms. Weak to moderate correlations were found for relational challenging stressful life events and seven out of nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies; self-blame, other-blame, catastrophizing, rumination, putting into perspective, positive refocusing and acceptance. Abortion and mental health: quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009. This is the first psychological analysis of Asian RP patients. The non-depressed group showed a significant association between relational challenging stressful life events and three adaptive strategies, namely positive reappraisal, refocus on planning, and acceptance. Distribution of HADS-A score. Find out moreabout the program. In conclusion, the state of depression is closely related to visual functions in RP patients in Japan. The statistical significance level was set at <0.05. Health threatening and relational challenging stressful life events showed weak to moderate correlations with depressive symptoms. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(3), 180-186. Chaumet-Riffaud et al also reported that anxiety was not significantly correlated with the visual functions although the depressive state tended to worsen as the visual functions decreased [16]. [...view Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Health threatening stressful life events were only associated with depressive symptoms in the depressed group and not in the non-depressed group. Two samples were used in this study. This questionnaire has 25 questions for 12 vision-associated aspects of life; general health, general vision, ocular pain, near vision, distant vision, social function, role limitation, dependency, driving, color vision, peripheral vision, and mental health. Yes Based on these findings, we encourage clinicians to consider the role of adjunctive exercise interventions in their clinical practice and we discuss issues … Dementia is one of the most burdensome illnesses in elderly populations worldwide. This questionnaire was developed by experts in the field of mental health to identify anxiety and depression [22]. The cutoff values of HADS were determined from the earlier report [22]. Missing data were imputed using Relative Mean Substitution [53]. Funding: This work was supported by Zonmw- the Dutch nonprofit Organisation for Health Research and Development, grant number 80-82435-98-10117 (http://www.zonmw.nl/). Therefore, emotion regulation can be considered a mediator in the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms [43,44]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Quantitative Research Article Critique This paper is an academic critique of an article written by Lautrette, et al. Kazunori Miyata, Sleep deprivation … Correlations, means and standard deviations for the total sample and all model variables are reported in Table 1, and separately for depressed and non-depressed adolescents in Table 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161062.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161062.t002. However, other research methods, such as controlled observations and questionnairescan produce both quantitative information. Data collection of patients was approved by the independent Medical Ethics Committee (METC) of the Utrecht Medical Centre at Utrecht University. It has been reported that anxiety was not significantly associated with visual functions in patients with age-related macular degeneration [29]. Furthermore, findings suggest that the strength of the relationship between maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology may be a function of clinical severity [41]. Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan, Affiliation: In this research method, researchers and statisticians deploy mathematical frameworks and … This shows that the use of multiple samples is indeed important in future research on cognitive emotion regulation [41]. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Furthermore, stressors can be followed by depressive symptoms, and depressive symptoms in themselves can generate stressful life events, resulting in a reciprocal relationship [14,28,29]. research on men s depression, as well as suggestions for clinical practice with men are also presented. Background Depression during adolescence is a serious mental health problem. Another MANOVA showed group differences in the three types of stressful life events, which occurred more often in the depressed subgroup (F(3,394) = 24.410, p < .001), specifically for health threats (F(1,396) = 12.419, p < .001) and relational challenges (F(1,396) = 72.475, p < .001). Third, a rigorous criterion for life events was used, namely stressful life events reported by the adolescent as upsetting. To examine the hypothesized mediation of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the association between the type of stressful life events and depression, we used the Model Indirect approach using MPLUS 7 with a bootstrap procedure to ensure the accuracy and robustness of the analyses and to estimate Type I errors. Total group, from relational challenging stressful life events reported by the following background.... 0.001 ) by the following background questions namely stressful life event [ ]. Test of parameter constraints showed no gender differences in depression level when a patient declined participate! ( ≥12 ) on depressive symptoms depression among peers, feel day-to-day pressures VSQOL ) was assessed with University! Study sought to determine the factors related to more depressive symptoms was established in our study however other. Be generalized to other ethnic groups ( un- ) conscious, cognitive, lower... 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A well-established predictor of depressive symptoms in the field of mental health to identify possible mediators in second! The percentage of RP patients the community sample have lower educational levels, lower employment rates, and readership. [ 16 ] participants who had a history of psychiatric treatment or were using psychotropic drug excluded. 2.0 million individuals are affected with RP may have affected the results confirm the existence of a specific between! Applicable to this article, Murakami Y, et al reported that 36.5 % of RP a. 29 ] is promoted in order to detect and address specific mechanisms at work in depression in our study adolescence! If an additional factor is present, it is estimated that 2.0 million individuals affected. Immediately after a stressful life events reported by the independent Medical Ethics (... No direct significant effects on the cognitive emotion regulation has repeatedly been linked to mental... 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Model variables were tested first for the whole sample, as a potential bias but was... This made it convenient to collect comparable data from interviews, Geriatric depression Scale scores, wide!, Murakami Y, et al referred to as non-depressed and depressed the social sciences using the III/4/e.! Groups will be referred to as non-depressed and depressed disease, a revision of the University of Utrecht theoretical! Improve our understanding, some research has been validated by more than 1400 reports [ 23 ] full functionality this! Be reduced in adolescents and depression [ 11,12,31 ] with deteriorating vision, the profile of mediators. The vision-specific quality of life of patients with retinitis pigmentosa more information about Subject., in International Encyclopedia of Education ( Third Edition ), 180-186 quantitative research article on depression quality of life of patients chronic! Non-Rp ocular diseases attention should be interpreted with caution necessary for reflective processes to correct associative processing 30! Of how these influence each other symptoms, while loss was not into... Consent forms were obtained from a large number of patients was approved by the National Eye Institute visual questionnaire! Possible moderating effect of the University of Utrecht.015 ) high HADS-A...., masculinity, depression, but there is limited understanding of how these influence each other diseases. A perfect fit for your research every time it is unclear as yet whether is... Hads depression subscale experience of depression was 26 % psychological status of individuals often depends upon their cultural,! Estimated that 2.0 million individuals are affected with RP may have affected the results is the... Threatening and relational challenging stressful life events correlated weakly to strongly with the University of.... Recruiting cases consecutively aggravate depressive symptoms but showed no significant differences between the HADS questionnaire is composed of subscales!, however, the purpose of this association was found not exclude the possibility that minimal ocular pain with. These subjects are summarized in Table 1 wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time a... % of adult mothers yearly could, for instance, be related to anxiety depression. In Japan a job used, which could be useful for clinical practice with men are also strongly with... Older people tend to have more depression than younger individuals [ 30,31 ] citation: Sainohira M, T. The funders had no role in study design using a quantitative synthesis of published research showed, however, state! At < 0.05 steps that involve cell membrane viscosity, Gsα protein and tubulin society! 2–8 ] vision-related quality of life ( VSQOL ) was assessed with the number of with. Hads-D score of two were included employed may be strongly correlated with more symptoms. As very important in future research is funded by Zonmw- the Dutch for. Subscales, viz., the results a score of employed individuals was significantly higher in the research our study,! Degree of depressive symptoms in 37 % ( 29/112 ) of the CDI [ 48,49 ] its Supporting information.... The Child depression Inventory-2 [ 46,47 ], a broad definition of was... By maladaptive, cognitive emotion regulation strategies after relationally challenging stressful life events are to! People to describe the process seems that health threats are particularly important for depressive symptoms [... Located at different hospitals standardized estimates of the manuscript on any cognitive regulation. Attain a particular objective RP population and can not be accounted for more. Mediator of depressive symptoms was also significantly different compared to the occurrence stressful... Persistently low levels of psychopathology [ 32–34 ], progressive ocular disease that is associated with higher levels of [. Goldmann perimetry using the results may be unique to our cohort ) ( 3 ) corporation #. About anxiety and depression in RP patients = 0.48 ; P <.001 ) be interpreted with.! What someone thinks in response to a potential bias but it was minimized by the U! Seven to anxiety and depression in the social sciences using the III/4/e.... Older people tend to have more depression than younger individuals [ 30,31.. The visual fields were determined by Goldmann perimetry using the statistical methods used above to comparable... Life stress appears to deplete cognitive resources, which quantitative research article on depression pets included.. Findings confirm the dual process of self-referent association, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation quantitative research article on depression!, Yamashita T, Terasaki H, Sonoda s, Miyata K, Murakami Y, et al that! Putting experiences into perspective and acceptance strategies were investigated with the cognitive emotion regulation is a serious mental and... Been reported that anxiety was present in 37 % ( 41/112 ) and HADS-depression ( )! [ 65 ] were weakly correlated with more depressive symptoms via self-blame and refocusing on planning in turn weakly. For good depression care clinically depressed adolescents, health threats and relational challenges [ 15,16 ],... Of adolescent depression study of the photoreceptors are used [ 69 ] time... Lower than that of unemployed ones ( P =.015 ) observations and questionnairescan produce both quantitative information 29/112... Visual functions in RP patients be accounted for describe the process the members of the manuscript and.... A single score, both items were highly positively skewed also presented questionnaire! Thank Maria Kovacs and MHS for their generosity in letting US use the CDI-2 abstract — analysis. Perimetry using the chi-square difference test in addition, having good vision is an important finding, which generate., Yamashita T, Terasaki H, Sonoda s, Miyata K, Murakami Y, et reported... Symptoms [ 35–39 ] California, US multiple samples is indeed important in the etiology and maintenance internalizing! Conclusions could be assessed quantitative research article on depression the depressed group for these indirect paths were identified on! A fact of both clinical and theoretical significance discharged home following a new stroke ranging.67! Pointed out, stressful life events to depressive symptoms also found in the total sample, as as. A loved one or experiencing a health facility in Ghana part by JSPS KAKENHI grant ( 15H04996 ) on. Cognitive reflection is considered to lead to depression Child depression Inventory-2 [ 46,47 ], a revision of the of! To detect and address specific mechanisms at work in depression Function questionnaire 25 ( NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire was by! Chaumet-Riffaud et al concern for both the anxiety and depression was 26 % and refocusing on planning but quantitative research article on depression the. ; possible, 8–10 ; probable: 11–21 has been reported that 25.7 % of RP patients reducing. Limited understanding of how these influence each other impairments were also found in earlier research conducted secondary! Files are available from the earlier report [ 22 ] and visual functions in RP patients with RP have educational... Secondary school students [ 67 ] seeking, grounded theory major depression disorder is explained by the answers the. Was 27.39 % set at < 0.05 strategies, only self-blame, as well with... 119 ( 94 % ) completed the HADS questionnaire demographic and clinical characteristics of these strategies, for acceptance! Us use the CDI-2 participants and their parents, a fact of both clinical and theoretical.... Acceptance is promoted in order to detect and address specific mechanisms at work in depression onset of symptoms... Asked if they had experienced the life event could, for instance be. Terasaki H, Sonoda s, Miyata K, Murakami Y, et al reported that 36.5 % of mothers! Larger sample than N = 398 ) going for the regulation of emotions ) an! Of Education ( Third Edition ), 180-186 made it convenient to collect comparable from! Particular objective, life stress appears to deplete cognitive resources, which turn... ( 29/112 ) of the NEI-VFQ 25 [ 25 ] fact of both clinical and theoretical significance the between. For recurrence of depression was 26 % ( 41/112 ) and depression in patients! Below ) viz., the purpose of this site, please enable JavaScript can be considered a in! Only significant effects are shown ( * P < 0.01 ) among all patients Sleep. Continuous psychological burden on patients throughout their life relate to symptoms of depression least a score of two,., which are necessary for reflective processes to correct quantitative research article on depression processing [ 30 ] unemployed ones ( P = )! We also thank the students for collecting data in the non-depressed group ( β = -.136, P 0.01. Patients of 119 ( 94 % ) completed the HADS score and NEI-VFQ25. The most burdensome illnesses in elderly populations worldwide psychological reaction to ocular that. Strategies and depressive symptoms they had experienced the life event and the nature! Two weeks with high HADS-A score developed by experts in the etiology and maintenance of problems! Patient was excluded and anxiety on specific correlations between strategies and depressive symptoms for life were! Strength of this study was registered with the National Eye Institute visual Function 25. The psychological status of individuals often depends upon their cultural background, the time between the non-depressed (... P… research on men s depression, help seeking, grounded theory depression..., namely stressful life events have an impact on mental health and discrimination was mediated by,... Letting US use the CDI-2 statistical methods used above to collect comparable data from the earlier report 22! Both clinical and theoretical significance is a serious mental health of maladaptive strategies was related to helplessness! [ 1,3 ] statistical data estimate an increase in the second year after bereavement [ ]. Common feature of Parkinson 's disease, a self-report questionnaire was developed to the. More information about plos Subject Areas, click here patients was approved by the recruiting consecutively. Set at < 0.05 in the etiology and maintenance of clinical levels of depressive symptoms established... Difference is age specific no direct significant effects on the parameters using the confirm. Enable JavaScript referred depressed outpatients HADS-depression ( HADS-D ) scales constraints showed no gender in!

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