distribution of mangrove forest in the world

Regional biomass allometric models developed for this study had a combined RMSE of 57.2 Mg ha-1 (ranging from 46.6 Mg ha-1 to 72.0 Mg ha-1) and an R2 of 0.77. The dual services of coastal protection and habitat for commercially important species make mangrove forests one of the most valuable ecosystems in the world. 2016. Mangrove Action Project works with a variety of local and international entities to help preserve, restore, and educate on our global mangrove forests. Saldarriaga, and G. Vieilledent. 1.2. 2005. CMS: Mangrove Canopy Height Estimates from Remote Imagery, Zambezi Delta, Mozambique. High-resolution insets in b–e: (b) Coastal Nariño and Cauca (Colombia),(c) Coastal Pará (Brazil), (d) Bombetoka Bay (Madagascar), and (e) Bintuni Bay (West Papua, Indonesia). Rivera-monroy, E. Castaneda-mova, N. Thomas, and T. Van der stocken. Nature Geoscience, 12: 40–45. (2011). There are 348 data files in GeoTIFF format (.tif) with this dataset representing three data products for each of 116 countries. Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height. But prior to this study, there was only an approximate knowledge of the distribution of mangroves in the Galapagos. Results were validated with in situ canopy height measurements and aboveground biomass estimates from field plots distributed across three continents. of stems) was estimated for each plot and expressed per unit area (in ha). In the last 50 years, human activities have strongly affected mangrove distributions, resulting in declines or expansions of worldwide mangrove area. Goodman, M. Henry, A. Martinez-Yrizar, W.A. About 42 percent of the world’s mangroves are found in Asia, with 21 percent in Africa, 15 percent in North and Central America, 12 percent in Australia and the islands of … https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1670, Spatial Coverage: Global within a circum-equatorial band from 31 degrees north to 39 degrees south, Temporal Coverage: 2000-01-01 to 2009-12-31, Temporal Resolution: One-time estimates for nominal year 2000, Study Area (All latitudes and longitudes are given in decimal degrees). 2019. The in situ field data were used to derive stand-level allometry between AGB, basal area weighted height Hba and maximum canopy height Hmax. This study offers a baseline to monitor national and regional trends in mangrove carbon stocks (Simard et al., 2019). Maps revealed a wide range of canopy heights, including maximum values (> 62 m) that surpass maximum heights of other forest types. In situ data were collected within a 15-year period after the SRTM data were obtained. A regression model was applied relating GLAS RH100 to SRTM elevation measurements obtain a global map of maximum canopy height: where HSRTM represents the original SRTM DEM, and SRTMHmax is the new maximum canopy height data set. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data… ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Carbon pollution from factories, cars, and other sources is impacting the global climate. See Simard et al. Aim Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. Version 1.0: Preliminary data were released in November 2018 to accompany the publication of the Simard et al, 2019 paper in Nature Geosciences. Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment (LBA-ECO), Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research Project (OTTER), Southern African Regional Science Initiative Project (SAFARI 2000), Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP), International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP II), Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom), Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE), Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE), Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS), Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America (ACT-America), Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program (ACCP), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0279-1, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x, https;//doi.org/:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x, Mangrove basal-area weighted height (individual tree heights weighted in proportion to their basal area), Mangrove canopy maximum height (height of the tallest tree). Documentation Revision Date: About one third of the world’s mangroves are found in Asia (39%), followed by Africa (21%) and North and Central America (15%) (FAO, 2007). 2019. Version 1.1: Science-quality data were released in March 2019. 2 A. Their structural attributes vary considerably across spatial scales, yielding large uncertainties in regional and global estimates of carbon stocks. Analysis of canopy height variance obtained from SRTM, lidar, and field measurements demonstrated that SRTM height characterizes mean overstory canopy height and maintains consistency over time when measuring canopy height in established mangrove forests. Certain species are found in monospecific bands parallel to the shore or in mosaics; however, patterns of distribution vary with location, both locally and regionally. Mugasha, H.C. Muller-Landau, M. Mencuccini, B.W. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved.Here,we mapped the status and distributions of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive. Field data were used to estimate forest structure attributes (that is, Hba, Hmax and AGB). Total root biomass was estimated as 49% of the AGB. SRTMHba was calculated by relating field values of Hba  to SRTM DEM elevations: where HSRTM represents the original SRTM DEM and SRTMHba the new basal area weighted canopy height dataset. However, the first mention of mangroves in ancient literature was made by Greek explorers in the time of Alexander the … January 1997; Authors: ... Map of Bangladesh showing the location of the Sundarbans, largest continuous mangrove forest in the world… http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1357, Fatoyinbo, T., E. Feliciano, D. Lagomasino, S. Lee, and C. Trettin. We used readily available Google Earth very high-resolution imagery to map mangrove distribution in the Galapagos. The Hba and Hmax data were updated so that they are now capped at the 95th percentile of the maximum value (55 m), as outlined in the publication. Recommended Citation(s)*: Giri, C., E. Ochieng, L.L.Tieszen, Z. Zhu, A. Singh, T. Loveland, J. Masek, and N. Duke. Total (above- and belowground) biomass and carbon stock estimates by country were generated by summing all corresponding pixels, while accounting for belowground biomass and soil carbon. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. 2017. The global mangrove forest AGB map was generated by linking the field-measured biomass–height allometry (described above) with SRTM estimates of Hba (that is, SRTMHba). Check out the following links for world maps of mangrove distribution Following is a brief synopsis of the data processing and modeling methods implemented to produce the three mangrove products. Regional and global models were generated between plot-level canopy height and plot-level AGB density, where height and AGB relationships were fitted to the regression model: where Hx can represent either Hba or Hmax. To identify mangrove ecotype areas and mask non-mangrove regions in the SRTM elevation dataset, we used the global mangrove extent map from Giri et al. The SRTM estimates of Hmax (that is, SRTMHmax) were validated with in situ collected data in Pongara National Park to confirm the validity of the tallest canopy height values in Gabon. Colgan, W.B.C. More than 1,000 Landsat scenes obtained from the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center (EROS) were classified using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0279-1. File Properties: No data value: 0, Number of bands: one, Resolution: 30 m, EPSG: 4326. The greatest mangrove species diversity exists in SE Asia. 2019-05-02, Dataset Version: https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1665 Keywords: Current status of mangrove forest, mangrove forest distribution, mangrove management, Indonesia . Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V.H. (2014) generalized pantropical tree allometric model was used with species-specific wood density from the global wood density database (Chave et al., 2009) to calculate the above- and belowground (root) biomass of individual trees. Maps revealed a wide range of canopy heights, including maximum values (> 62 m) that surpass maximum heights of other forest types. Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services and support coastal livelihoods worldwide. For each selected tree, the species was identified and the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured using a laser rangefinder or clinometer. From above, the Sundarbans mangrove forest is an impressive labyrinth of colors and textures. CMS: Mangrove Forest Cover Extent and Change across Major River Deltas, 2000-2016. Ryan, J.G. All preliminary data files were replaced with new files that incorporated some changes to the aboveground biomass estimation algorithm. CMS: Aboveground Biomass for Mangrove Forest, Zambezi River Delta, Mozambique. Global Change Biology, 20, 3177–3190. Mangrove wetlands are among the most productive and carbon-dense ecosystems in the world. World Mangrove Distribution It is estimated a total of 15.2 million hectares of mangroves are exist worldwide and their main distribution is in the tropical areas. Interspecific variation is also quite high; mangrove height ranges from only a few feet to over one hundred feet and species exhibit different adaptations to salinity. Mangroves, like these found in Placencia, Belize in Central America, capture and store tremendous amounts of carbon. Furthermore, mangrove forests are a primary habitat for mature individuals of many species of seabirds and waterfowl and some terrestrial animals as well. See Simard et al. Landsat Enables World’s Most Comprehensive Mangrove Assessment The countries with the largest area of mangroves are: Indonesia; Brazil; Australia; Nigeria; Mexico; Estimates of mangrove diversity indicate that there are 16-24 families and 54-75 species worldwide. The rate is as high as 3.6% in the Americas (Table 2). The relationship between SRTM and Basal Area Weighted Height (Hba) had a correlation coefficient R2 value of 0.78 and RMSE of 3.60 m at global scales. Mangrove canopy height estimation with SRTM and ICESat/GLAS. Global mangrove biomass allometry development. The selected field sites (331 plots in total) included a wide variety of forest structure and mangrove ecotypes (for example, scrub, fringe, riverine and basin) with measured in situ tree heights ranging from 1 to 65 m. The mangrove field sites (Figure 2a) were distributed along a latitudinal range from 26º S (Maputo Reserve, Mozambique) to 25º N (Everglades, USA), encompassing the equatorial region. The global distribution and status of mangrove ecosystems. Here, we mapped the status and distributions of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive. Oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis), mangrove fern (Acrostichum aureum) and grass species such as vines, sedges etc. These include the provision of a large variety of wood and non-wood forest products; coastal protection against the effects of wind, waves and water currents; conservation of biological diversity – including a number of endangered mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds; protection of coral reefs, sea grass beds and shipping lanes against siltation; an… Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20: 154-159. https;//doi.org/:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x, Simard, M., L. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V.H. Mangrove forests in coastal Gabon are the tallest globally with forest stands that were estimated up to 63 m. The photo insets show locations where individual trees were measured in situ up to 65 m tall (Simard et al., 2019). Rivera-monroy, E. Castaneda-mova, N. Thomas, and T. Van der stocken. Global Ecology and Biogeography, article first published online 17 August 2010 C. Giri,E. The total area of mangroves in the year 2000 was estimated at 137,760 km2 in 118 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Mangrove canopy height globally related to precipitation, temperature and cyclone frequency. The total area is nearly 10,000 km2. Most of the data were collected in field plots throughout the Americas and Africa, using fixed or variable plot sizes. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1522, Lagomasino, D., T. Fatoyinbo, S. Lee, E. Feliciano, C. Trettin, A. Shapiro, and M. Mwita. Intertidal mangrove forests are a dynamic ecosystem experiencing rapid changes in extent and habitat quality over geological history, today and into the future. Landsat Enables World’s Most Comprehensive Mangrove Assessment GLAS lidar altimetry data were collected globally from 2003 to 2009, providing the only global lidar canopy and height measurement, with sparse samples distributed across the globe. where Hi and ri are the height and radius (that is, DBH/2) of tree i, respectively, in meters. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0279-1, Lagomasino, D., T. Fatoyinbo, S. Lee, E. Feliciano, M. Simard, and C. Trettin. Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height. Tree density (that is, the no. 2019. For all sites, field basal area weighted height Hba was calculated as. Mangroves are found worldwide, but the greatest species diversity is in Southeast Asia, with only twelve species inhabiting New World countries, and only four of those are found in the United States along the southern coast. Simard, M., T. Fatoyinbo, C. Smetanka, V.H. Mangroves are growing in 123 tropical and subtropical countries; 73 species recognized as “true” mangroves z20% decline in last 25 years due mainly to conversion and coastal development 3coastal development, 3-4 times faster than terrestrial forest4 times faster than terrestrial forest types, lengthy recovery periods required Delitti, A. Duque, T. Eid, P.M. Fearnside, R.C. They provide many ecosystem services, such as support for local livelihoods through the provision of fuel, food and construction materials. Mangrove forests are the most carbon-dense forests in the tropics. Global map of mangrove maximum canopy height and location of sampling sites (numbers) where in situ data were collected. For comparison, the world's area of mangrove forests has been reduced by about 35% on a worldwide scale since the 1980s, and 2.1% of the existing worldwide mangrove area is lost each year. Mangroves provide several important ‘free services’ including coastal stabilization, juvenile fishhabi… The mean and maximum SRTMHmax values were computed for each country. Mangrove forests are located in the tropics and sub-tropics but extend into temperate regions where they reach their geographical limits [1, 2]. © 2020 Mangrove Action Project. More than half of the world’s mangrove … Mangroves are a critical forest ecosystem, dominating coastlines in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Aim: Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate.The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved. Climate and sea level have drastically altered mangrove distribution since their appearance in the geological record ∼75 million years ago (Mya), through to the Holocene. Such losses of mangrove forests are alarming rates of loss of a major coastal environment. Mangrove forests are among the world’s most productive ecosystems, lying at the boundary between land and sea in tropical regions. In addition to Hmax, a map of Hba, the basal area weighted height was generated and used as input for the AGB map. Forty species of mangroves dominate approximately 75% of the world’s tropical coastlines between 25° N and 25° S. In certain locations, this range extends beyond these limits due to the movement of unusually warm waters from the equator. 2019. Indonesia’s mangroves are among the most carbon-rich forests in the world. The global biomass allometric model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 87.9 and correlation coefficient R2 of 0.62. Aim Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. During low tide, the ground is a layer of dense mud, with soil containing high levels of organic materials (FAO, 2007). 2009. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. This map is coincidental with the SRTM data set (that is, they are both from 2000) and, so far, it is the only one that specifically maps mangroves from Landsat data at 30-m resolution. Global Mangrove Distribution, Aboveground Biomass, and Canopy Height. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Mangroves are commonly found along sheltered coastlines in the tropics and sub-tropics where they fulfil important socio-economic and environmental functions. These spatially explicit maps of mangrove canopy height and AGB derived from space-borne remote sensing data and in situ measurements can be used to assess local-scale geophysical and environmental conditions that may regulate forest structure and carbon cycle dynamics. Uncertainty was addressed by calibration with ICESat/GLAS Spaceborne Lidar mission data, refining the range of elevation data identified as mangrove cover, and subsequent validation by field data. The sum of individual trees within the plot was then computed and normalized, using plot sizes, to represent total forest stand AGB density in Mg ha–1. These data are available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active The canopy height maps were generated using SRTM DEM data collected in February 2000 and lidar heights from the ICESat/GLAS Spaceborne Lidar mission. The database was prepared using Landsat satellite data from the year 2000. Filenames include the country name. Only areas with SRTM elevation values ranging from 0 to 55 m above mean sea level were included so as to remove some areas falsely identified as mangroves. Mangrove forests are often called “tidal forests,” “coastal woodlands” or “oceanic rain forests.” The mangrove system supports genetically diverse groups of aquatic and terrestrial animals. Ecology Letters, 12: 351–366. In addition, several files with missing data were replaced. The Mangro ve forest type occurs in many of Australia’s coastal regions, but has a total area of only 0.9 million hectares, or 0.6% of Australia’s native forest cover. Estimates of 1) mangrove aboveground biomass (AGB), 2) maximum canopy height (height of the tallest tree), and 3) basal-area weighted height (individual tree heights weighted in proportion to their basal area) for the nominal year 2000 were derived across a 30-meter resolution global mangrove ecotype extent map using remotely-sensed canopy height measurements and region-specific allometric models. The three data products: mangrove aboveground biomass (agb), maximum height (hmax), and basal area weighted height (hba) are provided in separate files for each of the 116 countries. Additionally, SRTM values versus field measurements of max height (Hmax) had a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.70 and RMSE of 5.80 m globally. Spatially explicit maps of mangrove canopy height and AGB derived from space-borne remote sensing data and in situ measurements can be used to assess local-scale geophysical and environmental conditions that may regulate forest structure and carbon cycle dynamics. Destroying these trees fuels climate change at a time when governments and industry have committed to reduce emissions. Globally, mangrove areas are declining rapidly as they are cleared for coastal development and aquaculture and logged for timber and fuel … They are highly adapted to their environment, capable of excluding or expelling salt, allowing mangroves to thrive in highly saline waters and soils. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved. National Geographic Magazine (pdf 1.5 MB) (Figure 1I) are found around sandy or disturbed parts of the forest in inland locations. This procedure is a two-step process where SRTM is converted to SRTMHba and then to AGB using appropriate field-derived Hba to AGB allometry. Spatial variation, or zonation, is a common trait for mangrove forests both horizontally and vertically. There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide. The only flowering trees that can exist between land and sea, mangroves derive their name from the Spanish mangle, a name which probably arose during the period of the Spanish colonisation of the Americas in the late 15th century. Zanne. Maps of the three data products are provided for each of 116 countries. A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water.The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. This threshold value preserves the tallest mangrove forest stands. Version 1.2: Data files were updated in May 2019 because the height to biomass (AGB) conversion equations in the associated Nature Geoscience publication were correct but were implemented incorrectly when generating the publicly available data files. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Swenson, and A.E. The study only included areas with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation values ranging from 0 to 55 m to eliminate inland areas over-classified as mangrove wetlands. Global Mangrove Forests Distribution, v1 (2000) Central American Vegetation/Land Cover Classification and Conservation Status, v1 (1992 – 1993) Development Threat Index, v1 (2015) Global Development Potential Indices, v1 (2016) Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to … This dataset characterizes the global distribution, biomass, and canopy height of mangrove-forested wetlands based on remotely sensed and in situ field measurement data. (DAAC). Our study confirms earlier findings that the biogeographic distribution of mangroves is generally confined to the tropical and subtropical regions and the largest percentage of mangroves is found between 5° N and 5° S latitude. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Only 12 mangrove species are found in the Americas, with 4 of these occurring along portions of the Southeastern USA (Florida) coast. Mangrove canopy height globally related to precipitation, temperature and cyclone frequency. Several studies attempted to uncover the incognita of the distribution of mangrove forests in the Galapagos since 1986. These have now been corrected. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12629, Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L. L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., Masek, J. and Duke, N. 2011. The countries with the largest area of mangroves are: Estimates of mangrove diversity indicate that there are 16-24 families and 54-75 species worldwide. Nelson, A. Ngomanda, E.M. Nogueira, E. Ortiz-Malavassi, R. Pélissier, P. Ploton, C.M. Lewis, N.G. Our estimate is 12.3% smaller than the most recent … There are 348 data files in GeoTIFF format (.tif) with this dataset. Nature Geoscience, 12: 40–45. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda-Moya, N. Thomas, and T. Van der Stocken. 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Inside the plot, using regional or site-specific allometric equations as described by studies. Files with missing data were replaced respectively, in meters the plot, using or! Version 1.1: Science-quality data were collected within a 15-year period after the SRTM data were in. Google Earth very high-resolution imagery to map mangrove distribution, Aboveground biomass for mangrove forests are the height radius! Al., 2019 ) distributions have fluctuated throughout human and geological history plots across. Subtropical regions of the AGB conversion factor, Tennessee, USA was estimated for each country forests. In mangrove carbon stocks per country were calculated assuming a stoichiometric factor of as.

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