Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. The immediate effect of that concession was to send the Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleeing in British ships to Brazil. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Revolution Begins! Causes of Revolution. The social, political, and economic causes of the American Revolution inevitably helped shape the country we live in today. The Enlightenment clearly informed the aims of dissident Creoles and inspired some of the later, great leaders of the independence movements across Latin America. Buenos Aires achieved similarly mixed results in other neighbouring regions, losing control of many while spreading independence from Spain. In Santiago, Caracas, Bogotá, and other cities, by contrast, it was Creoles who controlled the provisional juntas. January 30, 2017 January 31, 2017 ~ Ethan Weinstein. Still, these ideas were not, strictly speaking, causes of independence. Over the next decade and a half, Spanish Americans had to defend with arms their movement toward independence. Two other European developments further dashed the hopes of Creoles, pushing them more decisively toward independence. The independence of Latin America. … The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. People read the writings of enlightenment. Main Causes Revolutions begin in North America and France. Foreign Influences Numerous foreign influences inspired and fueled the Latin American independence movement. The fierce sense of Independence that had led to victory over colonial overlords, would cause divisions between the new nations and destroy Simon Bolivar's dreams of a Gran Columbia in South America. With Chile as his base, San Martín then faced the task of freeing the Spanish stronghold of Peru. At stake was not only political autonomy per se but also economic interest; the Creole merchants of Buenos Aires, who initially sought the liberalization of colonial restraints on commerce in the region, subsequently tried to maintain their economic dominance over the interior. Across the Río de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (“Eastern State,” later Uruguay). Haitian Revolution 1791-1804 Toussaints Louverture “The United States appear to be destined by Providence to plague America with misery in the name of liberty” Simon Bolivar San Martin 4. Thanks to … Creoles in … Spanish Americans now found themselves able to trade legally with other colonies, as well as with any neutral countries such as the United States. 1819 - 1831 5. One of the most significant reasons the revolutionaries of Latin America wanted to revolt was because they felt they were being taxed too much. Rejecting compromise and reform, Ferdinand resorted to military force to bring wayward Spanish-American regions back into the empire as colonies. By siding with France, Spain pitted itself against England, the dominant sea power of the period, which used its naval forces to reduce and eventually cut communications between Spain and the Americas. Causes: Political (3) Click again to see term . More generally, Creoles reacted angrily against the crown’s preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of the caste system and the Creoles’ privileged status within it. From the south proceeded another powerful force, this one directed by the more circumspect José de San Martín. Ethan Weinstein, Lucas Andersen, and Lucas Cuervo. When the Spanish colonial officials proved ineffective against the invasion, a volunteer militia of Creoles and peninsulars organized resistance and pushed the British out. Imperial prohibitions proved unable to stop the flow of potentially subversive English, French, and North American works into the colonies of Latin America. The final victory of Latin American patriots over Spain and the fading loyalist factions began in 1808 with the political crisis in Spain. With these figures of legitimate authority in his power, the French ruler tried to shatter Spanish independence. Others did not suffer during the second half of the 18th century; indeed, the gradual loosening of trade restrictions actually benefited some Creoles in Venezuela and certain areas that had moved from the periphery to the centre during the late colonial era. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. Not all of these governments lasted very long; loyalist troops quickly put down Creole-dominated juntas in La Paz and Quito. For example the creoles were unhappy with their social status. One of the first causes of the Independence of Latin America was the Creoles. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. 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